Ashour
08-06-2007, 04:42 AM
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخواني الاعضاء..
نتحدث في هذا الدرس عن ال
Outer marker , Middle marker , Inner marker ,
Fan marker
ماهي ووظائفها؟؟
الاجابه هي:
Outer marker
The Outer Marker, which normally identifies the Final Approach Fix (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Approach_Fix), is situated on the same line with the localizer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizer) and the runway (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway) centerline, four to seven miles before the runway. It is typically located about 1 nautical mile (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile) inside the point where the glideslope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope) intercepts the intermediate altitude and transmits low-powered (3 watt), 400 Hz tone signal on a 75 MHz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz)carrier frequency (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency). Its antenna (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29) is highly directional, and is pointed straight up. The valid signal area is 2,400 ft by 4,200 ft ellipse (as measured 1000 ft above the antenna.) When the aircraft (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft) passes over the outer marker antenna, its marker beacon receiver (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29) detects the signal. The system gives the pilot a visual (blinking blue outer marker light) and aural (continuous series of audio tone morse code (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code) 'dashes') indication. Some countries, such as Canada (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada), have abandoned marker beacons completely, replacing the outer marker with a non-directional beacon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon) (NDB). In the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States), the outer marker will often be combined with an NDB to make a Locator Outer Marker (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locator_Outer_Marker) (LOM). Some ILS approaches have no navigation aid at all situated at the outer marker, but use other means, such as radial intersections or distance measuring equipment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Measuring_Equipment) (DME) fixes, to identify the position
Middle marker
A middle marker works on the same principle as an outer marker. It is normally positioned 0.5 to 0.8 miles before the runway. When the aircraft is above the middle marker, the receiver’s yellow middle marker light starts blinking, and a repeating pattern of audio morse code dot-dashes at a frequency of 1,300 Hz in the headset. This is intended as an annunciator for the pilot, an alert that the missed approach point (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach_point) (typically 200 feet above the ground level (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_ground_level) or AGL on the glideslope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope)) has been passed and should have already initiated the missed approach (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach) if one of several visual cues has not been spotted. Middle Markers are typically associated with Category II or III approaches
Inner marker
Similar to the outer and middle markers; located at the beginning (threshold) of the runway on some ILS approach systems (Category II and III) having decision heights (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_height) of less than 200 feet AGL. Triggers a flashing white light on the same marker beacon receiver used for the outer and middle markers; also a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset
Fan marker
A fan marker can be used for a final approach fix on an ILS back course. It is located in a location similar to the outer marker only on the back course or opposite end of the runway. A fan marker on a back course lights the white light and emits a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset
تقبلوا خالص تحياتي..
اخواني الاعضاء..
نتحدث في هذا الدرس عن ال
Outer marker , Middle marker , Inner marker ,
Fan marker
ماهي ووظائفها؟؟
الاجابه هي:
Outer marker
The Outer Marker, which normally identifies the Final Approach Fix (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Approach_Fix), is situated on the same line with the localizer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizer) and the runway (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway) centerline, four to seven miles before the runway. It is typically located about 1 nautical mile (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile) inside the point where the glideslope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope) intercepts the intermediate altitude and transmits low-powered (3 watt), 400 Hz tone signal on a 75 MHz (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz)carrier frequency (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency). Its antenna (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29) is highly directional, and is pointed straight up. The valid signal area is 2,400 ft by 4,200 ft ellipse (as measured 1000 ft above the antenna.) When the aircraft (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft) passes over the outer marker antenna, its marker beacon receiver (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29) detects the signal. The system gives the pilot a visual (blinking blue outer marker light) and aural (continuous series of audio tone morse code (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code) 'dashes') indication. Some countries, such as Canada (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada), have abandoned marker beacons completely, replacing the outer marker with a non-directional beacon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon) (NDB). In the United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States), the outer marker will often be combined with an NDB to make a Locator Outer Marker (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locator_Outer_Marker) (LOM). Some ILS approaches have no navigation aid at all situated at the outer marker, but use other means, such as radial intersections or distance measuring equipment (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Measuring_Equipment) (DME) fixes, to identify the position
Middle marker
A middle marker works on the same principle as an outer marker. It is normally positioned 0.5 to 0.8 miles before the runway. When the aircraft is above the middle marker, the receiver’s yellow middle marker light starts blinking, and a repeating pattern of audio morse code dot-dashes at a frequency of 1,300 Hz in the headset. This is intended as an annunciator for the pilot, an alert that the missed approach point (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach_point) (typically 200 feet above the ground level (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_ground_level) or AGL on the glideslope (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope)) has been passed and should have already initiated the missed approach (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach) if one of several visual cues has not been spotted. Middle Markers are typically associated with Category II or III approaches
Inner marker
Similar to the outer and middle markers; located at the beginning (threshold) of the runway on some ILS approach systems (Category II and III) having decision heights (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_height) of less than 200 feet AGL. Triggers a flashing white light on the same marker beacon receiver used for the outer and middle markers; also a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset
Fan marker
A fan marker can be used for a final approach fix on an ILS back course. It is located in a location similar to the outer marker only on the back course or opposite end of the runway. A fan marker on a back course lights the white light and emits a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset
تقبلوا خالص تحياتي..