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The dreaded stall... To hear people talk about it, you'd think it was some sort of mythical beast that flies around, pulling aircraft out of the sky with one swipe of its mighty paw. As you might have already surmised from my slightly sarcastic tone, this simply isn't the case. :-)

In reality, a stall is nothing more than the ultralight trying to do "the right thing". (Not some politician's ethical views about what is right; your ultralight follows the laws of physics.) ;-) A stall is nothing to be afraid of; it is a perfectly natural occurance, and there is nothing "wrong" with an ultralight when it stalls.

First of all, a stall has nothing whatsoever to do with the engine. When an ultralight is said to have "stalled", it is the wing which has stalled, not the engine! To understand why an ultralight stalls, we first have to understand how it flies. Without getting into a whole bunch of gobbelty-gook about the theory and physics of flight, the basic reason why an ultralight flies is because of the shape of its wing. (Which a whole bunch of people just love to argue about. As strange as it may seem, it doesn't appear as if we really fully know for sure why an airfoil flies, even after all of these years of flight.) Air molecules rushing over the curved, smooth surface on the top of the wing create an area of low pressure above the wing. (As compared to the relative high pressure under the wing.) This is because air which speeds up will create an area of low pressure. The shape of the top of the wing causes the molecules to speed up. (A similar thing happens in a carburetor; the air that is being forced into it is sped up, which creates a low pressure area, which sucks fuel into the air stream.) Because of this, the aircraft is more or less "sucked" upwards. There are those who say that the air is actually being pushed downward (by the bottom of the wing), or a combination of a multitude of factors, but whatever the actual reason the wing flies, the smooth flow of air over the top surface of the wing is an essential part of flight. This is also the reason why frost or icing will cause an ultralight to stop flying. The air can't flow smoothly over the top of the wing (the ice or frost is rough), so the low pressure system doesn't develop to the extent that it needs to, and the wing can't generate enough lift to overcome the weight of the aircraft. The reason the ultralight flies of course, is because it happens to be attached to the rising wing. (Note: If you think you've got a better or more accurate explanation of why a wing flies, I'd be interested in hearing it.)

Ok, now that we know we need a smooth airflow over the wing, what is a stall? Basically, it is an interruption of that smooth airflow. As you increase the angle of attack*, the air has to travel over a larger and larger "hill" before running down the top of the wing, and the high pressure air under the wing can more easily move around the back of the wing toward the low pressure air on top of the wing, thus weakening that low pressure area. The air on top of the wing begins to roll and burble. Eventually, the low pressure system is completely destroyed, and there is no longer anything holding the wing up at that exaggerated angle. The wing drops, and as it does, it picks up speed, and the relative wind flows smoothly over the top of the wing again. As it does, the high pressure area increases, and the ultralight is flying once more.

Below is a depiction of a dynamic stall (a stall caused by a rapid maneuver). However, the basic principles should remain the same for most any stall, I should think. In panel 1, the wing is in level flight, and the airflow is smooth, and attached to the wing. As a result of the viscosity of the air, the individual fluid particles spin. The red color indicates particles that are spinning clockwise; the blue color indicates particles that are spinning counter-clockwise. As the angle of attack increases in panels 2 through 5, the airflow at the trailing edge begins to seperate from the wing. Lift is increasing. Panel 6 shows the clockwise spinning particles interacting with the counter-clockwise spinning particles at the trailing edge. Panel 7 shows a small blue bubble appearing on the upper surface of the wing (near the leading edge). In panel 8, the interaction of the counter-spinning particles has formed a vortex, which grows rapidly in panels 9 through 12, until it is driven away from the upper surface by the blue counter-rotating particles, and a stall occurs.

https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.1.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.2.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.3.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.4.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.5.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.6.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.7.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.8.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.9.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.10.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.11.gif https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/small.12.gif

https://www.ultralighthomepage.com/STALL/stallanim.gif

As the ultralight approaches a stall, it will usually give you some warning signs. Everything may get very quiet, and you may hear a sound similar to mice running through your wings as the air burbles over the surface, and your wing will probably be at a high angle in relation to the horizon. (Usually... Keep in mind that it is the angle of attack which is important, not the angle of the wing with the horizon, but in straight and level flight, the horizon and the relative wind are generally parallel. You can actually stall your wing in any attitude, at any speed.)